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Category : loans

The IR loves technical terms and the important ones to understand in taper relief are as follows:

‘Qualifying holding period’. The percentage of gain chargeable depends on ‘the number of whole years’ in the qualifying holding period, which is simply the relevant period that the asset was owned by the seller. (Note that where an asset is acquired through an option, the qualifying holding period is deemed to be from the exercise of the option and not from the grant or acquisition of the option.)

‘Business asset’. Any asset may be a business asset if it is used for the purposes of trade, profession or vocation or employment and if certain conditions are met. The holding of shares is a business asset where the company concerned is a qualifying company.

‘Qualifying company’. A qualifying company is a trading company, or the subsidiary or the holding company of a trading company, where the relevant individual can exercise at least 25% of the voting rights in that company; or if it is a trading company and the individual owns at least 5% of the shares in the company and is working fulltime in the company. Difficulties can arise where the holding company has more than one subsidiary, some of which are not trading companies.

Trade’ and ‘trading company’. Trade is deemed to be anything that is considered by the IR as trade for the purpose of income tax, and a trading company is a company wholly engaged in trade. (Note that there can be practical difficulties in this definition for some private business owners.)

47Focus on major items of expenditure. Costs should be categorised as major or peripheral items. Undue emphasis is often given to the 80% of activities accounting for 20% of costs, rather than focusing on the priorities:

The activities generating the majority of costs. Reduce costs through cost awareness. While focusing on major items of expenditure, it may also be possible to reduce the overall level of cost of peripheral items. Costs can be reduced over the medium to long term by influencing people’s attitudes towards cost and wastage. In particular, examine managers’ attitudes to cost control and reduction and the effects of expenses on cash flow and profitability.

Maintain a balance between costs and quality. Commercial management and cost control mean getting the best value possible. This requires a balance between price paid and quality received.

Return on equity. One of the principal tests is how much money a business makes for its investors, who therefore pay considerable attention to it. It is calculated as net profit after tax divided by equity capital.

Ratios and suppliers Suppliers’ prices and performance can be monitored using ratios. Fluctuations in prices are measured by dividing a supplier’s current prices by its prices at a previous date. The time that suppliers take to deliver is calculated by dividing the value of outstanding orders with suppliers by the value of average daily purchases. An indication of a supplier’s reliability can be obtained by dividing the value of overdue orders from the supplier by the average daily purchases from all suppliers.

Ratios and employees

Productivity can be measured in a number of ways. Profit per employee is calculated by dividing profit by the number of employees. A more interesting ratio of value-added per employee is calculated by dividing sales minus materials costs by the average number of employees. Employment costs can be measured and monitored for a range of criteria. For example, training costs can be related to profit for budgeting purposes by dividing profit by training expenditure.

Payday Loans

I’ll be blunt on this one. Payday loans are a ridiculously bad idea! If you’ve used them, or are considering using them, you’re going to need to get out of that cycle right away. These loans, which can seem like a great way to make ends meet in a tight month, can often start someone down an irreversible cycle toward bankruptcy.

You cringe at the thought of a credit card that charges 25% to 35% interest, right? Yet, if you pay $50 to borrow $500 for 30 days, that’s an annual interest rate of over 120%. In fact, some payday loans are known to charge anywhere from 500% to 1,000% in annual interest!

To make matters worse, these loans that seemingly solve a problem for you in the current month, create a problem for you in the upcoming months. If you’ve borrowed money against a paycheck you haven’t received, that paycheck will actually leave you with less, and needing to borrowing again. With such high rates of interest and a continual cycle of borrowing against next month’s paycheck, an initial loan of $500 can grow to over $2,500 in debt in just 12 months!

Michael and Susan have been saving for retirement for 10 years. They are also, like all the characters in this book, a composite from interviews
and people I have worked with during the past 21 years. Since Michael’s major promotion 10 years ago, they have invested about $50,000 a year.
Prior to that, they had less than $10,000 in investments. Now, stockbrokers, realtors, insurance salespeople, venture capitalists, hedge fund vendors, and other investment product peddlers have their number and routinely call them.

Michael and Susan have compiled investments worth $450,000 during the past 10 years: half in a 401(k) and half in an online brokerage account. Immediately, you might notice the math. If they have invested $50,000 a year for the past 10 years, achieving a zero total return on their money, they should have $500,000 in investments. You might do the math, but Michael and Susan have not. You would also think that Michael and Susan would be happy with the size of their nest egg. Sill in their mid-40s, they are in the top 1 percent of wealth in the world. But they are miserable.

Michael losses sleep over his investments regularly. Though he works 60 hours a week, he finds time several months a year to shift between $100,000 and $300,000 from one investment fad to another, believing he will increase his returns and then be happier with his portfolio. Among the other high-income employees where he works, this is routine practice. In fact, the main non-work-related topic among these employees is investing. Though not one of them has ever calculated their annual returns, they all constantly chase high returns and lose sleep worrying about the market.