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Category : making money

To assess the gap between where the organization wants to be and what it currently can produce, I use the organizational process model shown in Figure 21. This tool helps me view the organization at the macro level and allows me to see at a glance what the organization is accomplishing from a task perspective. It helps indicate whether the work being done is consistent with the organization’s vision and mission.

Moreover, the model identifies any gaps between present processes and future plans. A credit card company I worked with had its genesis in the postwar boom of the 1950s and 1960s, enabling millions of consumers to buy electrical appliances. Although this company had been very successful for decades, competition for market share of appliances increased as the market became saturated. In addition, the spread of other credit resources began to squeeze this company’s profits. Soon the company was expanding into other kinds of businesses including dealer financing, retail space design, inventory financing, and even the financing of capital improvements for dealers. Each area now competed for the resources of the original credit card business, and the company found itself spread too thin. Divisions competed against each other for personnel and budget. And as the top leadership increasingly abandoned initiatives that didn’t produce short-term profits, the whole company’s morale spiraled downward.

The IR loves technical terms and the important ones to understand in taper relief are as follows:

‘Qualifying holding period’. The percentage of gain chargeable depends on ‘the number of whole years’ in the qualifying holding period, which is simply the relevant period that the asset was owned by the seller. (Note that where an asset is acquired through an option, the qualifying holding period is deemed to be from the exercise of the option and not from the grant or acquisition of the option.)

‘Business asset’. Any asset may be a business asset if it is used for the purposes of trade, profession or vocation or employment and if certain conditions are met. The holding of shares is a business asset where the company concerned is a qualifying company.

‘Qualifying company’. A qualifying company is a trading company, or the subsidiary or the holding company of a trading company, where the relevant individual can exercise at least 25% of the voting rights in that company; or if it is a trading company and the individual owns at least 5% of the shares in the company and is working fulltime in the company. Difficulties can arise where the holding company has more than one subsidiary, some of which are not trading companies.

Trade’ and ‘trading company’. Trade is deemed to be anything that is considered by the IR as trade for the purpose of income tax, and a trading company is a company wholly engaged in trade. (Note that there can be practical difficulties in this definition for some private business owners.)

Knowing when a project or new business will break even is important in any decision to invest money, time and resources in it. Break-even point is when sales cover costs, where neither a profit nor a loss results. It is calculated by dividing the costs of the project by the gross profit at specific dates, making an allowance for overhead costs. Break-even analysis is used to decide whether to continue development of a product, alter the price, or provide or adjust a discount, or whether to change suppliers in order to reduce costs. It also helps with managing the sales mix, cost structure and production capacity, as well as forecasting and budgeting.

For break-even analysis to be reliable, the sales price per unit should be constant, as should the sales mix, and stock levels should not vary significantly.

Return on equity. One of the principal tests is how much money a business makes for its investors, who therefore pay considerable attention to it. It is calculated as net profit after tax divided by equity capital.

Ratios and suppliers Suppliers’ prices and performance can be monitored using ratios. Fluctuations in prices are measured by dividing a supplier’s current prices by its prices at a previous date. The time that suppliers take to deliver is calculated by dividing the value of outstanding orders with suppliers by the value of average daily purchases. An indication of a supplier’s reliability can be obtained by dividing the value of overdue orders from the supplier by the average daily purchases from all suppliers.

Ratios and employees

Productivity can be measured in a number of ways. Profit per employee is calculated by dividing profit by the number of employees. A more interesting ratio of value-added per employee is calculated by dividing sales minus materials costs by the average number of employees. Employment costs can be measured and monitored for a range of criteria. For example, training costs can be related to profit for budgeting purposes by dividing profit by training expenditure.